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US group of museums and research centers

Smithsonian Establishment
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Smithsonian Institution is located in Central Washington, D.C.

Smithsonian Institution

Location within Primal Washington, D.C.

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Smithsonian Institution is located in the United States

Smithsonian Institution

Smithsonian Institution (the U.s.a.)

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Established Baronial 10, 1846; 175 years ago  (1846-08-10)
Location Washington, D.C.; Chantilly, Virginia; New York City
Coordinates 38°53′20″N 77°01′34″West  /  38.889°North 77.026°Due west  / 38.889; -77.026 Coordinates: 38°53′twenty″Due north 77°01′34″W  /  38.889°N 77.026°West  / 38.889; -77.026
Director Lonnie Agglomeration, Secretary of the Smithsonian
Employees half dozen,375 (equally of 28 March 2020[update])[ane]
Website www.si.edu

The Smithsonian Institution ( smith-SOH-nee-ən), or simply the Smithsonian, is a group of museums and teaching and research centers, the largest such complex in the world, created by the U.S. Regime "for the increment and diffusion of knowledge".[2] [3] Founded on August 10, 1846, it operates as a trust instrumentality and is non formally a part of any of the iii branches of the federal regime.[4] The institution is named after its founding donor, British scientist James Smithson.[5] It was originally organized equally the Usa National Museum, but that proper noun ceased to exist administratively in 1967.[vi]

Called "the nation's cranium"[vii] for its eclectic holdings of 154 meg items,[5] the Institution's xix museums, 21 libraries, ix inquiry centers, and zoo include historical and architectural landmarks, mostly located in the District of Columbia.[8] Additional facilities are located in Maryland, New York, and Virginia. More than than 200 institutions and museums in 45 states,[notation 1] Puerto Rico, and Panama are Smithsonian Affiliates.[nine] [x] Institution publications include Smithsonian and Air & Space magazines.

The Institution'south 30 million almanac visitors[11] are admitted without charge. Its annual budget is around $1.25 billion, with ii-thirds coming from annual federal appropriations.[12] Other funding comes from the Institution's endowment, individual and corporate contributions, membership dues, and earned retail, concession, and licensing revenue.[five] As of 2021, the Establishment's endowment had a total value of well-nigh $5.iv billion.[13]

Founding [edit]

In many ways, the origin of the Smithsonian Establishment can be traced to a group of Washington citizens who, existence "impressed with the importance of forming an association for promoting useful knowledge," met on June 28, 1816, to establish the Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences. Officers were elected in October 1816, and the organization was granted a charter by Congress on April twenty, 1818 (this charter expired in 1838). Benjamin Latrobe, who was architect for the US Capitol afterwards the War of 1812, and William Thornton, the architect who designed the Octagon House and Tudor Place, would serve as officers. Other prominent members, who numbered from 30 to seventy during the Plant's beingness, included John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Henry Dirt, Gauge William Cranch, and James Hoban. Honorary members included James Madison, James Monroe, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and the Marquis de Lafayette. Operating expenses were covered from the $5 yearly ante nerveless from each member.

The Institute proposed a number of undertakings. These included the study of institute life and the creation of a botanical garden on the Capitol Mall, an examination of the country's mineral production, improvement in the management and care of livestock, and the writing of a topographical and statistical history of the United States. Reports were to exist published periodically to share this cognition with the greater public, but due to a lack of funds, this initially did not occur. The Institute first met in Blodget's Hotel, later in the Treasury Department and City Hall, before being assigned a permanent home in 1824 in the Capitol edifice.

Get-go in 1825, weekly sittings were arranged during sessions of Congress for the reading of scientific and literary productions, but this was connected for but a short time, as the number attention declined rapidly. Fourscore-five communications by 26 people were made to Congress during the unabridged life of the society, with more than a one-half relating to astronomy or mathematics. Amongst all the activities planned by the Institute, only a few were really implemented. Two were the establishment of a botanical garden, and a museum that was designed to have a national and permanent condition. The former occupied space where the nowadays Botanic Garden sits.

The museum contained specimens of zoology, phytology, archaeology, fossils, etc., some of which were passed on to the Smithsonian Institution after its formation. The Establish'due south charter expired in 1838, only its spirit lived on in the National Institution, founded in 1840. With the mission to "promote science and the useful arts, and to plant a national museum of natural history," this system connected to press Congress to establish a museum that would exist structured in terms that were very similar to those finally incorporated into the founding of the Smithsonian Institution. Its piece of work helped to develop an underlying philosophy that pushed for the pursuit and development of scientific knowledge that would benefit the nation, and edify its citizens at the same time.[14]

The British scientist James Smithson (1765–1829) left near of his wealth to his nephew Henry James Hungerford. When Hungerford died childless in 1835,[15] the estate passed "to the United states, to found at Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an Establishment for the increase & diffusion of knowledge among men", in accord with Smithson's will.[16] Congress officially accepted the legacy ancestral to the nation and pledged the organized religion of the The states to the charitable trust on July 1, 1836.[17] The American diplomat Richard Blitz was dispatched to England by President Andrew Jackson to collect the bequest. Rush returned in August 1838 with 105 sacks containing 104,960 golden sovereigns. This is approximately $500,000 at the time, which is equivalent to $12,723,000 in 2021 or equivalent to £9,661,774 in 2020. However, when considering the Gross domestic product at the time it may be more than comparable to $220 million in the year 2007.[xviii] [19]

Once the coin was in hand, viii years of Congressional haggling ensued over how to interpret Smithson's rather vague mandate "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge".[17] [19] Unfortunately, the money was invested by the United states Treasury in bonds issued past the country of Arkansas, which shortly defaulted. After heated debate, Massachusetts representative (and erstwhile president) John Quincy Adams persuaded Congress to restore the lost funds with interest[xx] and, despite designs on the coin for other purposes, convinced his colleagues to preserve it for an institution of science and learning.[21] Finally, on Baronial ten, 1846, President James M. Polk signed the legislation that established the Smithsonian Institution as a trust instrumentality of the The states, to exist administered by a Lath of Regents and a secretary of the Smithsonian.[17] [22]

Development [edit]

Though the Smithsonian's outset secretary, Joseph Henry, wanted the institution to be a centre for scientific inquiry,[23] information technology as well became the depository for various Washington and U.S. government collections.[24] The United States Exploring Expedition by the U.S. Navy circumnavigated the globe between 1838 and 1842.[25] The voyage amassed thousands of creature specimens, an herbarium of 50,000 establish specimens, and various shells and minerals, tropical birds, jars of seawater, and ethnographic artifacts from the South Pacific Sea.[25] These specimens and artifacts became part of the Smithsonian collections,[26] as did those nerveless past several armed forces and civilian surveys of the American W, including the Mexican Boundary Survey and Pacific Railroad Surveys, which assembled many Native American artifacts and natural history specimens.[27]

In 1846, the regents developed a plan for conditions observation; in 1847, money was appropriated for meteorological research.[28] The Institution became a magnet for young scientists from 1857 to 1866, who formed a grouping called the Megatherium Gild.[29] The Smithsonian played a disquisitional role equally the U.Due south. partner institution in early on bilateral scientific exchanges with the University of Sciences of Cuba.[30]

Museums and buildings [edit]

Construction began on the Smithsonian Establishment Building ("the Castle") in 1849. Designed by architect James Renwick Jr., its interiors were completed past general contractor Gilbert Cameron. The building opened in 1855.[31]

The Smithsonian's starting time expansion came with the structure of the Arts and Industries Building in 1881. Congress had promised to build a new structure for the museum if the 1876 Philadelphia Centennial Exposition generated enough income. It did, and the edifice was designed by architects Adolf Cluss and Paul Schulze, based on original plans developed by Major General Montgomery C. Meigs of the United States Ground forces Corps of Engineers. It opened in 1881.[32]

A school field trip to the Smithsonian Institution around 1900

The National Zoological Park opened in 1889 to accommodate the Smithsonian'due south Department of Living Animals.[33] The park was designed past landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted.[33]

The National Museum of Natural History opened in June 1911 to similarly accommodate the Smithsonian's United states of america National Museum, which had previously been housed in the Castle and then the Arts and Industries Building.[34] This structure was designed past the D.C. architectural firm of Hornblower & Marshall.[35]

When Detroit philanthropist Charles Lang Freer donated his individual collection to the Smithsonian and funds to build the museum to concur it (which was named the Freer Gallery), information technology was among the Smithsonian'due south outset major donations from a private individual.[36] The gallery opened in 1923.[37]

More than forty years would pass earlier the next museum, the Museum of History and Technology (renamed the National Museum of American History in 1980), opened in 1964. It was designed by the world-renowned house of McKim, Mead & White.[38] The Anacostia Community Museum, an "experimental store-forepart" museum created at the initiative of Smithsonian Secretary Southward. Dillon Ripley, opened in the Anacostia neighborhood of Washington, D.C., in 1967.[39] [40] [41] That aforementioned year, the Smithsonian signed an agreement to take over the Cooper Union Museum for the Arts of Decoration (at present the Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Blueprint Museum).[42] The National Portrait Gallery and the Smithsonian American Art Museum opened in the Old Patent Office Building (built in 1867) on Oct 7, 1968.[43] The reuse of an older building connected with the opening of the Renwick Gallery in 1972 in the 1874 Renwick-designed art gallery originally built by local philanthropist William Wilson Corcoran to business firm the Corcoran Gallery of Art.[44]

The first new museum building to open since the National Museum of History and Technology was the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, which opened in 1974.[45] The National Air and Space Museum, the Smithsonian's largest in terms of flooring space, opened in June 1976.[46]

Eleven years afterward, the National Museum of African Art and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery opened in a new, joint, underground museum between the Freer Gallery and the Smithsonian Castle.[47] [48] [49] Reuse of some other former building came in 1993 with the opening of the National Postal Museum in the 1904 former City Post Part building, a few city blocks from the Mall.[50]

In 2004, the Smithsonian opened the National Museum of the American Indian in a new building near the United States Capitol.[51] Twelve years afterwards nearly to the day, in 2016, the latest museum opened: the National Museum of African American History and Civilization, in a new building near the Washington Monument.[52]

Ii more than museums accept been established and are being planned for eventual construction on the mall: the National Museum of the American Latino and the Smithsonian American Women'south History Museum.

Capital campaigns [edit]

In 2011, the Smithsonian undertook its outset-always capital fundraising campaign.[53] The $i.five billion effort raised $ane billion at the 3-year mark. Smithsonian officials made the campaign public in October 2014 in an effort to enhance the remaining $500 1000000. More than 60,000 individuals and organizations donated money to the campaign by the fourth dimension information technology went public.[54] This included 192 gifts of at to the lowest degree $ane meg.[54] Members of the boards of directors of various Smithsonian museums donated $372 million.[54] The Smithsonian said that funds raised would go toward completion of the National Museum of African American History and Culture edifice, and renovations of the National Air and Space Museum, National Museum of American History, and the Renwick Gallery.[54] A smaller amount of funds would go to educational initiatives and digitization of collections.[54] As of September 2017, the Smithsonian claimed to accept raised $one.79 billion, with three months left in the formal campaign agenda.[55]

Separately from the major capital letter campaign, the Smithsonian has begun fundraising through Kickstarter.[56] An case is a campaign to fund the preservation and maintenance of the ruby slippers worn past Judy Garland for her function as Dorothy Gale in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz.[57]

Museums [edit]

Nineteen museums and galleries, likewise equally the National Zoological Park, comprise the Smithsonian museums.[58] Xi are on the National Mall, the park that runs between the Lincoln Memorial and the United States Capitol. Other museums are located elsewhere in Washington, D.C., with two more in New York City and one in Chantilly, Virginia.

The Smithsonian has close ties with 168 other museums in 39 states, Panama, and Puerto Rico.[58] These museums are known equally Smithsonian Affiliated museums. Collections of artifacts are given to these museums in the form of long-term loans. The Smithsonian also has a large number of traveling exhibitions, operated through the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES).[81] In 2008, 58 of these traveling exhibitions went to 510 venues across the state.[58]

Collections [edit]

Smithsonian collections include 156 one thousand thousand artworks, artifacts, and specimens. The National Museum of Natural History houses 145 million of these specimens and artifacts, which are mostly animals preserved in Formaldehyde. The Collections Search Center has 9.9 million digital records bachelor online. The Smithsonian Institution Libraries hold ii million library volumes. Smithsonian Archives hold 156,830 cubic anxiety (four,441 mthree) of archival cloth.[82] [83]

The Smithsonian Institution has many categories of displays that tin exist visited at the museums. In 1912, First Lady Helen Herron Taft donated her inauguration gown to the museum to brainstorm the First Ladies' Gown display at the National Museum of American History,[84] one of the Smithsonian's most popular exhibits.[85] The museum displays treasures such as the Star-Spangled Banner, the stove pipe chapeau that was worn by President Abraham Lincoln, the ruby slippers worn by Judy Garland in The Wizard Of Oz, and the original Teddy Deport that was named after President Theodore Roosevelt.[86] In 2016, the Smithsonian's Air & Space museum curators restored the large model Enterprise from the original Star Trek TV series.[87]

Open up access [edit]

In February 2020, the Smithsonian made 2.8 million digital items available to the public nether a Creative Commons Zero Public Domain Dedication, with a commitment to release farther items in the future.[88]

Research centers and programs [edit]

The following is a list of Smithsonian research centers, with their affiliated museum in parentheses:

  • Archives of American Art
  • Carrie Bow Marine Field Station (Natural History Museum)
  • Center for Globe and Planetary Studies (Air and Space Museum)
  • Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage
  • Marine Station at Fort Pierce (Natural History Museum)
  • Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center (National Zoo)
  • Museum Conservation Institute
  • Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Center
  • Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the associated Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
  • Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute (National Zoo)
  • Smithsonian Environmental Research Center
  • Smithsonian Institution Archives[89]
  • Smithsonian Libraries
  • Smithsonian Establishment Scholarly Printing
  • Smithsonian Latino Center[90]
  • Smithsonian Provenance Research Initiative (SPRI)[91]
  • Smithsonian Scientific discipline Education Centre[92]
  • Smithsonian Tropical Research Plant (Panamá)
  • Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars

Also of note is the Smithsonian Museum Support Heart (MSC), located in Argent Hill, Maryland (Suitland), which is the principal off-site conservation and collections facility for multiple Smithsonian museums, primarily the National Museum of Natural History. The MSC was defended in May 1983.[93] The MSC covers iv.5 acres (i.8 ha) of country, with over 500,000 square feet (46,000 m2) of space, making it one of the largest fix of structures in the Smithsonian. It has over 12 miles (19 km) of cabinets, and more than than 31 million objects.

Smithsonian Latino Center [edit]

In 1997, the Smithsonian Latino Center was created as a way to recognize Latinos across the Smithsonian Establishment. The master purpose of the center is to place Latino contributions to the arts, history, scientific discipline, and national civilisation across the Smithsonian'due south museums and research centers.[94]

The center is a division of the Smithsonian Institution.[95] As of May 2016, the center is run past an executive director, Eduardo Díaz.[96]

History [edit]

At the fourth dimension of its cosmos, the Smithsonian Establishment had other entities dedicated to other minority groups: National Museum of the American Indian, Freer-Sackler Gallery for Asian Arts and Culture, African Art Museum, and the National Museum of African-American Heritage and Culture.[97]

The opening of the middle was prompted, in part, by the publishing of a study chosen "Willful Neglect: The Smithsonian and U.Southward. Latinos".[97]

According to documents obtained by The Washington Post, when old Latino Eye executive director Pilar O'Leary start took the chore, the center faced employees who had "serious operation bug". No functioning plans existed for the staff and unfulfilled financial obligations to sponsors existed. The website's quality was poor, and the center did not have a public diplomacy manager, a programs director, adequate human resources back up, or cohesive mission statement.[97]

After difficult times in the first few years, the center improved. Co-ordinate to the Smithsonian, the center "support[due south] scholarly research, exhibitions, public and educational programs, web-based content and virtual platforms, and collections and archives. [Information technology] also manage[southward] leadership and professional person development programs for Latino youth, emerging scholars and museum professionals."[94] Today, the website features a high-tech virtual museum.[98]

Young Ambassadors Program [edit]

The Smithsonian Latino Heart's Young Ambassadors Program (YAP) is a programme within the Latino Center that reaches out to Latino high schoolhouse students with the goal of encouraging them to become leaders in arts, sciences, and the humanities.[99]

Students selected for the programme travel to Washington, D.C. for an "enrichment seminar" that lasts approximately five days. Later on, students render to their communities to serve in a paid, one-month internship.[95]

Pilar O'Leary launched the program when she served as executive manager of the Smithsonian Latino Center.[100] According to the Latino Eye, O'Leary told the press in 2007: "Our goal is to assistance our Young Ambassadors go the adjacent generation of leaders in the arts and culture fields. This program encourages students to be proud of their roots and acquire more virtually their cultural heritage to inspire them to brainwash the public in their own communities virtually how Latinos are enriching America's cultural fabric."[95]

Publications [edit]

The Institution publishes Smithsonian magazine monthly and Air & Infinite magazine bimonthly. Smithsonian was the consequence of Secretary of the Smithsonian South. Dillon Ripley asking the retired editor of Life magazine Edward Chiliad. Thompson to produce a magazine "almost things in which the Smithsonian Institution is interested, might be interested or ought to exist interested".[101] Some other Secretary of the Smithsonian, Walter Boyne, founded Air & Space. [102] [103]

The organization publishes under the imprints Smithsonian Institution Press,[104] Smithsonian Books,[105] and Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press.[106]

Awards [edit]

The Smithsonian makes a number of awards to acknowledge and support meritorious work.

  • The James Smithson Medal, the Smithsonian Institution's highest honor, was established in 1965 and is given in recognition of infrequent contributions to art, science, history, pedagogy, and engineering science.
  • The James Smithson Bicentennial Medal, established in 1965, is given to persons who have made distinguished contributions to the advocacy of areas of involvement to the Smithsonian.
  • The Hodgkins Medal, established in 1893, is awarded for of import contributions to the understanding of the physical environment.
  • The Henry Medal, established in 1878, is presented to individuals in recognition of their distinguished service, achievements or contributions to the prestige and growth of the Smithsonian Institution.
  • The Langley Gold Medal is awarded for meritorious investigations in connection with the scientific discipline of aerodromics and its awarding to aviation.[107]

Administration [edit]

The Smithsonian Castle doorway

The Smithsonian Establishment was established as a trust instrumentality by act of Congress.[108] More than 2-thirds of the Smithsonian's workforce of some 6,300 persons are employees of the federal government. The Smithsonian Institution Role of Protection Services oversees security at the Smithsonian facilities and enforces laws and regulations for National Majuscule Parks together with the U.s. Park Police.

The president'due south 2011 budget proposed but under $800 million in support for the Smithsonian, slightly increased from previous years. Institution exhibits are free of charge, though in 2010 the Deficit Commission recommended access fees.[109] [110]

As canonical by Congress on August 10, 1846, the legislation that created the Smithsonian Institution called for the creation of a Board of Regents to govern and administer the organisation.[108] This 17-member board meets at to the lowest degree 4 times a yr and includes as ex officio members the principal justice of the United States and the vice president of the U.s.a.. The nominal head of the Institution is the chancellor, an role which has traditionally been held by the chief justice. In September 2007, the lath created the position of Chair of the Lath of Regents, a position currently held by Steve Instance.[111]

Other members of the Board of Regents are three members of the U.S. House of Representatives appointed by the speaker of the Firm; iii members of the Senate, appointed past the president pro tempore of the Senate; and ix denizen members, nominated by the board and approved by the Congress in a joint resolution signed by the president of the United States.[112] Regents who are senators or representatives serve for the duration of their elected terms, while denizen Regents serve a maximum of two vi-year terms. Regents are compensated on a part-time footing.

The primary executive officer (CEO) of the Smithsonian is the secretary, who is appointed by the Lath of Regents. The secretary also serves as secretary to the Board of Regents but is not a voting member of that body. The secretarial assistant of the Smithsonian has the privilege of the floor at the United States Senate. On September xviii, 2013, Secretary Yard. Wayne Clough announced he would retire in October 2014. The Smithsonian Board of Regents said it asked regent John McCarter, Jr., to pb a search committee.[113] On March ten, 2014, the Smithsonian Board selected David Skorton, a doc and president of Cornell Academy, equally the 13th secretary of the Smithsonian. Skorton took the reins of the institution on July 1, 2015.[114] Upon Skorton's announced resignation in 2019, the Board selected Lonnie Agglomeration Three, the founding director of the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture, as the 14th secretary.[115]

Secretaries of the Smithsonian Institution [edit]

  • Joseph Henry, 1846–1878
  • Spencer Fullerton Baird, 1878–1887
  • Samuel Pierpont Langley, 1887–1906
  • Charles Doolittle Walcott, 1907–1927
  • Charles Greeley Abbot, 1928–1944
  • Alexander Wetmore, 1944–1952
  • Leonard Carmichael, 1953–1964
  • Sidney Dillon Ripley, 1964–1984
  • Robert McCormick Adams, Jr., 1984–1994
  • Ira Michael Heyman, 1994–1999
  • Lawrence M. Small-scale, 2000–2007
  • Grand. Wayne Clough, 2008–2015[114]
  • David J. Skorton, 2015–2019
  • Lonnie Agglomeration, 2019–present

Controversies [edit]

Enola Gay display [edit]

In 1995, controversy arose over the exhibit at the National Air and Space Museum with the display of the Enola Gay, the Superfortress used past the United States to drop the first diminutive flop used in World State of war Ii. The American Legion and Air Force Association believed the showroom put forward just 1 side of the contend over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and that it emphasized the effect on victims without discussing its utilise within the overall context of the state of war.[116] The Smithsonian changed the exhibit, displaying the aircraft only with associated technical data and without discussion of its historic role in the war.[ citation needed ]

Censorship of "Seasons of Life and Land" [edit]

In 2003, a National Museum of Natural History showroom, Subhankar Banerjee's Seasons of Life and Land, featuring photographs of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, was censored and moved to the basement by Smithsonian officials because they feared that its subject matter was besides politically controversial.[117]

In Nov 2007, The Washington Mail service reported internal criticism has been raised regarding the establishment's handling of the showroom on the Arctic. According to documents and east-mails, the showroom and its associated presentation were edited at loftier levels to add "scientific dubiety" regarding the nature and bear on of global warming on the Arctic. Acting Secretary of the Smithsonian Cristián Samper was interviewed by the Mail, and claimed the showroom was edited because it independent conclusions that went across what could be proven by gimmicky climatology.[118] The Smithsonian is now a participant in the U.S. Global Change Research Programme.[119]

Copyright restrictions [edit]

The Smithsonian Institution provides admission to its image collections for educational, scholarly, and nonprofit uses. Commercial uses are generally restricted unless permission is obtained. Smithsonian images fall into different copyright categories; some are protected by copyright, many are discipline to license agreements or other contractual weather condition, and some fall into the public domain, such as those prepared by Smithsonian employees as part of their official duties. The Smithsonian's terms of use for its digital content, including images, are ready forth on the Smithsonian Web site.[120] [121]

In Apr 2006, the institution entered into an agreement of "offset refusal" rights for its vast silent and public domain film athenaeum with Showtime Networks, mainly for utilize on the Smithsonian Channel, a network created from this bargain. Critics contend this understanding effectively gives Offset control over the motion-picture show athenaeum, as information technology requires filmmakers to obtain permission from the network to employ extensive amounts of moving picture footage from the Smithsonian archives.[122]

Come across too [edit]

  • 3773 Smithsonian
  • Listing of aircraft in the Smithsonian Institution
  • Smithsonian Ocean Portal
  • Smithsonian Theaters

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ States without Smithsonian Affiliates: Idaho, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Northward Dakota, Utah.
  2. ^ a b c d Year museum moved to current building

References [edit]

  1. ^ "People & Operations". The Smithsonian Establishment. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
  2. ^ Watson, Robert (March 25, 2012). "Smithsonian wasn't always beloved". Sun Sentinel. Tribune Publishing. Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. Retrieved October fourteen, 2021.
  3. ^ Barlow, William (1847). The Smithsonian Institution, "for the Increase and Diffusion of Cognition Amid Men": An Address on the Duties of Regime, in Reference Chiefly to Public Teaching: with the Outlines of a Plan for the Application of the Smithsonian Fund to that Object. B. R. Barlow.
  4. ^ "Legal History". Smithsonian Institution.
  5. ^ a b c "About Us". Smithsonian. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on March vii, 2017. Retrieved March eight, 2017.
  6. ^ "Smithsonian History > National Museum of American History". Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on June 23, 2013. Retrieved June 21, 2013.
  7. ^ Kernan, Michael (November 1997). "A Existent Nation's Cranium". Smithsonian. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on September 23, 2009.
  8. ^ Leafage, Jesse (March xiii, 2007). The Everything Family Guide to Washington D.C.: All the Best Hotels, Restaurants, Sites, and Attractions. Everything Books. ISBN978-one-4405-2411-0. : 57
  9. ^ Kurin, Richard (Oct 29, 2013). The Smithsonian's History of America in 101 Objects Palatial. Penguin. ISBN978-0-698-15520-6.
  10. ^ "Smithsonian Affiliations". Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on March 16, 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
  11. ^ "Company Statistics". Newsdesk: Newsroom of the Smithsonian. Smithsonian Institution. May 31, 2013. Archived from the original on February 8, 2014. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
  12. ^ "Budget/Federal Appropriations". Smithsonian Dashboard. Smithsonian Institution. 2015. Archived from the original on Feb 17, 2017. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
  13. ^ "Smithsonian Institute". Sovereign Wealth Fund Plant . Retrieved July 1, 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  14. ^ "A Guide to the Columbian Institute in the Special Collections Research Center" (PDF). Special Collections Research Heart Gelman Library. Retrieved July 30, 2021. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  15. ^ Goode, George Brown (1897). The Smithsonian Institution, 1846–1896, The History of Its First One-half Century. Washington, D.C.: De Vinne Press. p. 25. Archived from the original on December 12, 2012.
  16. ^ "James Smithson – Founder of the Smithsonian, Terminal Will and Testament". Smithsonian Scrapbook: Messages, Diaries and Photographs from the Smithsonian Athenaeum. Smithsonian Establishment. Archived from the original on August 24, 2011. Retrieved Oct iv, 2012.
  17. ^ a b c "Founding of the Smithsonian Institution". Fact Sheets, Smithsonian Newsdesk. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on September 1, 2012. Retrieved October four, 2012.
  18. ^ Heather Ewing, The Lost World of James Smithson: Science, Revolution, and the Birth of the Smithsonian, pp. 323–24, 330, 409. Ewing notes that it would be the equivalent of over $ten 1000000 today, using ane alphabetize, but using a per-capita share of Gross domestic product, information technology would be the equivalent of over $220 million. It was close to the full of Harvard Academy's endowment at that indicate, which had accumulated for nigh 200 years past the 1830s and was not the effect of a single gift, equally Smithson'south was.
  19. ^ a b Ottesen, Carole (2011). A Guide to Smithsonian Gardens . Smithsonian Books. p. 13. ISBN978-one-58834-300-0.
  20. ^ "Smithsonian Information Brochure", Smithsonian Visitor Data and Assembly' Reception Center, May 2009
  21. ^ Nagel, Paul (1999). "John Quincy Adams: A Public Life, a Private Life". Harvard Academy Printing. p. 348.
  22. ^ 9 Stat. 102
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  24. ^ Orosz, Joel J. (June 28, 2002). Curators and Culture: The Museum Movement in America, 1740-1870. University of Alabama Printing. ISBN978-0-8173-1204-6. : 157
  25. ^ a b Benson, Keith Rodney; Rehbock, Philip F. (2002). Oceanographic History: The Pacific and Beyond. University of Washington Press. ISBN978-0-295-98239-7. : 532
  26. ^ Adler, Antony (May one, 2011). "From the Pacific to the Patent Part: The US Exploring Trek and the origins of America's first national museum". Journal of the History of Collections. 23 (ane): 49–74. doi:10.1093/jhc/fhq002. ISSN 0954-6650.
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Further reading [edit]

  • Nina Burleigh, Stranger and the Statesman: James Smithson, John Quincy Adams, and the Making of America'due south Greatest Museum, The Smithsonian. New York: HarperCollins, 2003.
  • Heather Ewing, The Lost Earth of James Smithson: Science, Revolution, and the Nativity of the Smithsonian. Bloomsbury, 2007.
  • The states. Congress. Firm of Representatives. Collections Stewardship at the Smithsonian: Hearing before the Committee on House Administration, Business firm of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, Start Session. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2013.
  • William S. Walker, A Living Exhibition: The Smithsonian and the Transformation of the Universal Museum. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2013.

External links [edit]

  • Official website Edit this at Wikidata
  • A cursory history of the U.Due south. National Museum/National Museum of Natural History
  • Smithsonian Open Admission – nearly 3 meg Costless images at present available (video; i:40)

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution

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